About Algeria | Discover Algeria

Introduction

The world is the planet Earth and all life upon it. It’s the whole of the physical Universe that’s how philosophers term it. In theological the world is the material or the profane sphere. It contains 7 known continents that include:

•Asia: This continent contains 50 countries, and it is the most populated continent in the world.

•Africa: Africa comprises 54 countries. It is the hottest continent and home of the world's largest desert, and the Sahara.

•North America: The continent contains 23 countries led by the USA as the largest economy in the world.

•South America: This continent comprises 12 countries. It holds the largest forest, the Amazon rainforest, which covers 30% of the South America total area.

•Europe: The continent comprises 51 countries. It is the most developed economically continent with the European Union as the biggest economic and political union in the world.

•Australia: It contains 14 countries. It is the least populated continent after Antarctica, only 0.3% of the total Earth population live here.

•Antarctica: This is the coldest continent in the world, completely covered with ice. There are no permanent inhabitants, except scientists maintaining research stations in Antarctica.

The biggest countries in the world

1 – Russia

Russia’s is the world largest country, it borders 14 different countries. Russia covers nearly twice the territory of Canada. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and the eastern third of Europe. Spanning 11 time zones and incorporating a great range of environments and landforms, from deserts to semiarid steppes to deep forests and Arctic tundra. It contains the longest river in Europe, and its largest lake.

2- Canada

It’s a country located in the Northern part of North America. Canada’s 9.984 million square kilometers which make it the largest country in the western hemisphere. It has a longer shoreline than any other nation.

It is positioned between the Arctic and United States, some parts of its country are massively frozen and the Rocky Mountains that run north to South.

3- United States of America

It a country located in North America, and the third biggest country in the world that occupies 9.63 million square km. It borders Mexico to the south and Canada to the North. It's a home to a diverse array of geographical and wildlife.

4- People’s Republic of China

It's the fourth largest country in the world, bordering China with approximately 9.6 million square kilometers as well as being the populous country in the world. It shares a border with 14 different countries including Afghanistan, Russia to the north and Vietnam to the south.

5- Brazil

Brazil is the largest country in both South America and Latin America and the fifth largest by area. At 8.51 million square kilometers, Brazil plays a home to much of the world’s largest rainforest. It also has a lengthy Atlantic coastline on the eastern side, which stretches approximately 8,000km.

6- Australia

Australia is the largest country Oceania, thus its population lives in coastal cities. Australia is known for its spectacular and wildlife thou it's one of the driest and hottest regions in the world. It borders Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north.

7- India

Is a country located in South Asia, and the seventh biggest country in the World. The research indicates India as the second largest nation in terms of population.

China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal each share a border with India.

8-Argentina

Argentina is the world’s eighth largest, and the largest Spanish speaking nation in the world by area. It holds 2.78 million square kilometers that include some of the most varied geography and climate in the world. Swampy, tropical conditions in the very north give way to freezing glacial regions.

9- Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan is the world's largest landlocked country. Kazakhstan’s 2.72 million square kilometers stretch. Kazakhstanis experience a great range of temperatures throughout the year, though it doesn’t get as cold as it does in parts of its northern neighbor, Russia.

10- Algeria

The Algerian Sahara, and the largest expanse of Saharan desert. Algeria is the tenth largest country in the world by area. It’s located in Northern Africa. The massive Algerian Sahara extends all the way to the south of the country past its borders with Niger and Mali.

Conclusion

The article contains the biggest and largest countries in the world by area, it has expounded on every country geographical features.

Cevital is the first largest private industrial group in Algeria which interests in investing in several business fields, namely in the food industry, shopping centers, retail sector with Uno brand, construction, glass manufacturing and automobile sales. It is founded by Issad Rebrab, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, in 1998. The company's headquarters is in the port of Bejaia, Algeria. Its production units are as follow: two sugar refineries, one liquid sugar plant, one oil refinery, one margarine factory, one mineral water packaging plant, one soft drinks manufacturing and packaging plant, one canning plant, one quicklime manufacturing plant. Cevital Agro-Industrie also owns port silos and a port unloading terminal with a capacity of 2000 tones/h, making it the primary port unloading terminal in the Mediterranean.

Cevital is a very successful company that has been built through the investments and around the strong idea of building an economic model that fits the Algerian economy. Its motto is “START SMALL, THINK BIG AND MOVE FAST”. Rebrab sums up the secrets behind such success on paying attention to employees’ selection and their training and competence transfer who are eager to pursuit excellence and has the business spirit and the pride in serving the national economy, the use of the most advanced technology, and the most of all is the reinvestment of the gains in sectors that carry high added value.

Cevital imposes a global presence; it enjoys both a regional and a universal reputation in designing high-quality products at competitive prices. It meets the domestic demand and has contributed to Algeria’s transformation from an importer to an exporter in oils, margarine and sugar. Its products are sold in several countries, including Europe, the Maghreb, the Middle East and West Africa. This renowned company offers oils, sugar, margarine, mineral water, refreshing drinks, and port silos; operates a cannery of tomatoes and jam; produces arboreal plants, arboriculture, potato seeds, and market gardening productions in greenhouses and in open country, as well as markets fertilizers; and offers ship management, maritime goods transportation .The company also distributes a range of light vehicles, heavy goods vehicles, buses, and commercial vehicles; operates as a dealer for public works equipment and sells spare…

Cevital, also, contributes in the national wealth by generating thousands of jobs. For instance, the construction of Brandt Group’s new plant in Setif Province, Algeria is expected to employ more than 7500 people.

Recently, Cevital is focusing on several large projects notably in Brazil, Europe and Africa that are dedicated to strongly challenged products.

Here some links of the company:

Website: www.cevital.com

http://www.cevital-agro-industrie.com

E-mail : info@cevital.com

Phone: +213 (0) 34 20 20 00

Fax: +213 (0) 34 21 27 73

Cevital Group (Written by ARAB Sabrina)

Dihya, the Berber Queen

In a time when women in India worth nothing, girls were buried alive in the Arab world and women were isolated alone in China, the Berbers placed the crown on the head of Dihya as their queen, empress and knight of North Africa. So, the Amazigh people were the first people who honor women and even crown them with the highest positions.

The Queen Dihya is the historical, cultural and the identity figure of Amazighs and the Chaouis, alongside Massinissa, Jugurtha, etc. She symbolizes also the soul and icon of the Amazigh resistance against Muslims conquests in North Africa. She came from the Zenata tribe whose way of life was pastoral and semi-nomadic. She was born in the early 7th century and died fighting in Tebessa (Algerian Province) during the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb around the end of the 7th century. She nicknamed by her Muslim opponents as Kahina (the priestess and soothsayer) because of her reputed ability to foresee the future.

For five years, she ruled a free Berber state from the Auras Mountains to the oasis of Gadames (695-700 AD) thanks to her remarkable intelligence .She used to ride a horse and seek among the people from Auras to Tripoli, wandering around Africa carrying arms to defend the land of her ancestors. In addition to her fascinating beauty, Queen Dihya managed to gather Imazighen, the local inhabitants of North Africa, under her power of conviction and her great intelligence to fight against the Muslim conquest. Because her kingdom remained the only obstacle to the advancement of Muslims in the west, Hassan Ibn Numan resumed the offensive against the Imazighen.

In 697, under Dihya’s command, Imazighen (Amazighs) crushed the army of Ibn Numan. The Imazighen troops make so many casualties that the Arabs call the place "Nahr Al Bala"(the river of suffering). It is said that the river was red with the blood of Arab fighters. After this victory the Imazighen pursue the Muslims, and impose a second defeat on them.

Ibn Numan withdrew because he became aware of the strong resistance he will encounter during his conquests in North Africa, he undertakes a systematic conquest of the country. Thus, he called for reinforcements from Caliph Abd Al Malik in 702. After two years of war, the final battle took place in 704, in Tabarqa. The battle of Tabarqa is finally won by the Muslims, but it is not easy victory for them. The Imazighen, although very inferior in number, oppose a fierce resistance. Dihya Faced with such a force had no choice; she accepted death with courage. Finally, she was captured and decapitated at the locality Bir El Kahina (The well of the Kahina). . Dihya's two sons (Ifran and Yezdia) had joined the Muslim camp before the battle.

Hassan Ibn Numan shows great respect for the Amazigh people after his victory. He does not make prisoners and does not commit any looting. His great tolerance makes him also one of the figures of the Islamization of Imazighen.

In contemporary Algerian literature, this legendary woman, Dihya or Kahina is mentioned in the works of Kateb Yacine and other writers as an icon of Amazigh people of North Africa.

Written by ARAB Sabrina

The art of painting is definitely not foreign of the Algerian soil. As evidence, thousands of engravings and rock paintings that depict our ancestors’ life in the prehistoric period in the Tassili Mountains attest to the roots of the practice of this art in the cultural traditions of our country. Actually, such terrific paintings have always fascinated successive generations of painters who found them as an inexhaustible source of inspiration which helped Algeria to open itself to universality in a deeply human dimension.

An artistic trend will soon be born in Algeria giving birth to shining names to emerge. In this phase, the Algerian painters depicts the affirmation of identity passes through the valorization of the Islamic heritage .Such paintings are well depicted in Racim work and his followers like Sahraoui, Temmam and Djaout .Their works are a reflection of certain stages in the evolution of the country.

Followed by a figurative painting that depicts the lived experience of Algeria in its daily struggle for freedom which is highly presented in the works of Issiakhem and Bachir...

The Algerian war is well presented in the eyes of the Algerian painters of that period. They treated it from the artistic production. They used the art of painting as a form of resistance because it suggests and makes visible the unacknowledged, hidden and keeps vigilant on the side of life. They are the history painters through their paintings that tried to clarify and show the tragedy of war .They exploited their work of painting as a historical material that are considered as a trustworthy testimony. Thus, the theme of the Algerian War has given birth to rich works, crossed by all the artistic currents that the twentieth century has known.

In addition to another trend which is marked by softness and which is embodied by Baya Benaoura and Anissa Bouayed that enriched the Algerian pictorial heritage with hundreds remarkable works. Another trend emerged in the evolution of pictorial art in Algeria. Guermaz Benanteur, Khadda, Aksouh are at the origin of the emergence of abstract painting. This was born from the encounter of the abstract graphic expression of Islam with Western abstraction. The most works of these painters make the war return in their paintings.

Besides the tragedy of war, the trauma awoke again among the Algerian painters of the 1990’s. Colonial violence and violence of a quasi-civil war reactivated in recent works. The Algerian painters of the 1990’s painted horror and absurdity in tragic works that reconnect with those of Issiakhem, Khadda, Benanteur,...

Paintings are the moment of truth and pieces of living memory which testify the richness of the Algerian cultural heritage. In common, all painters are concerned with the society in which they live and denounce segregation, racism and the injustices that divide the communities Algeria. Sometimes, the painter renders his work difficult to understand which make his work more innovative and unprecedented (sublime and complex) and, then, it is up to you to decode it. But nothing is more picturesque in Algeria than painting.

In recent years, young talents have been discovered using a variety of materials in which the traditional heritage and the most modern techniques of expression are blended harmoniously.

The Art of Painting in Algeria (Written by ARAB Sabrina)

What You Should Know About Algeria

People's Democratic Republic of Algeria is the largest country on the African continent and the Arab world. Its religion is Islam, following the Maliki rite. Its native inhabitants are called “Amazighs” which means free men but later they were integrated with Arabs because of the Islamic conquests. Tamazight and Arabic dialect are the mother language in Algeria. French is taught as the first foreign language and used in administration along with Arabic. English is taught as second foreign language. The Algerian people speak Arabic dialect in their daily life which is a mixture of Tamazight, standard Arabic and French, with slight differences in accents according to the region. In Kabyle regions like Bejaia, Tizi Ouzou ,Bouira, Boumerdes ,people speak Tamazight; in Tipaza ,Blida ,they speak Tachalhit; in Batna ,Khenchela ,Oum El Bouagui, Ain El Bayda, they speak Tachaouit ;in Ghardaia ,they speak Tamozabit; in Sahara regions, they speak Targuit ;in Constantine, Annaba, Oran, Tlemcen, Setif, they speak Arabic dialect.

Historically speaking, Algeria is a melting pot on which a lot of civilizations fused in. Its Roman, Ottoman, Byzantine and Arab ruins stand as evidence. The most famous are Timgad near Batna, Hippo Regius in Annaba, Djemila in Setif, Calama in Guelma, and Tipasa... Most of them are Unesco heritage sites (Algeria has seven Unesco Heritage Sites). In addition to the prehistoric sites like Hoggar and Tassili (rock paintings in Tamanrasset).

The country also saw a violent colonialism; it has lost more than one million and half in order to retrieve its independence from the French colonialism which lasts for 132 years. Its Independence Day is the 5th of July.

Geographically speaking, the Algerian coastline (1622 kilometers overlooking on the Mediterranean Sea) is home to thousands of terrific and breathtaking beaches that are competing with beauty which win the hearts of tourists around the world especially the beaches of Jijel and Bejaia. So, if you are keen lover of swimming just think about Algeria. The followers of the mountain hike will be able to practice on the mountains of Kabylia or Tikdja their hoppy of hiking and climbing.This country also has a diversified natural wealth, an exceptional flora and fauna and spas which render visitors happy to enjoy the sea, sun and the sand (desert) at the same time.

If you are a keen lover of snow and snowed mountains don’t think about turkey or any European countries just think about Algeria , Chrea (Blida province) is the best place that can offer for you extraordinary and fascinating landscape .

The Algerian cuisine is very rich with various dishes such as Couscous, Chorba, Rechta, Dolma … as well as breads; kessra and matloua, and many others are the culinary specialties of this country. Besides to cookies like Charek, and cakes; Tamina, Kalb el Louz and Samsa…

Above all the hospitality and generosity of its inhabitants, Algeria is rich of different types of music and each Algerian region has its own musical tradition and specific dance; the chaabi ,Andalusian, Gnawa, kabyle music,etc.

Written by ARAB Sabrina

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The Kabyle people are well known for their strong attachment to their ancestral traditions, for them people without a civilization and traditions are considered dead. Louziaa and Thimcheret are one of the traditions that still survive in the Kabyle villages. They represent the symbol of the Kabyle heritage that transmits through generations.

On the occasion of the festivals and especially during the Mouloud El Nabaoui(the Prophet’s birth),Achoura , the eve of the month of Ramadan ,Yennayer, collective circumcisions or Eid Elfitr, most of the kabyle villages devote themselves to one of the most ancient Kabyle traditions, namely Louziaa and Thimcheret . Louziaa is done only in Eid Elfitr and it is the contribution (money) of all the families of the village to buy bulls, calves or sheep, and Thimcheret is done in the remaining occasions which are mentioned above where usually the patrons of the village are the ones who donate bulls or calves as charity. Both Louziaa and Thimcheret consist of the sacrifice of bulls or calves for the benefit of the villagers (citizens) of Thadarth (village) where everyone receives an equal share of meat, after reading Al Fatiha .During these big events, every villager has to help the needy through giving them meat for free. It is the day when the rich and the poor, without distinction share the same meal “couscous with meat”.

Beyond sharing the same meal, it is an act of solidarity that brings together all the villagers without exception. Everyone feels that it has its place among his community. The celebration of these important humanitarian events which take place in a very warm atmosphere are prompted and exhorted by our religion. As a result, this sacrifice has become a rite in all the Kabyle villages because it strengthens the bonds of unity among the members of the Kabyle society and provides moments of joy for all the citizens.

Indeed, indulgence, collaboration, happiness and tolerance, these are the aspects that prevailed throughout the day of Louziaa or Thimcheret, especially among children. It is a meeting of solidarity, forgiveness and sensitivity and also friendship where people from different regions meet and share these unique moments of joy. It is highly important to mention that during this precious moments, mothers take their babies during their first exit from home to the mosque to cut a little bit from their hairs for the first time ,bringing with them lesfnj (donuts) and makrout or thahboult (kabyle traditional cookies) and share it among all the villagers.

However, this heritage that conveys our common values is beginning to be abandoned and this give way to other traditions that are not ours and that are harmful to our society , thus ,all the Kabyles should to generalize this ancestral practice and to resurrect and preserve it from falling into disuse.

Written by ARAB Sabrina

Algeria is the only Arab and African country to have submitted the most applications for the Oscars with 16 nominations for Best Foreign Film ,that have been accepted by the Academy of Arts and Cinema since 1969. Algeria has been nominated four times in shortlist and three times with Rachid Bouchareb for his films "Dust of Life, Native "and" Outlaw ".

Algeria once won the Oscar in 1970 with the film "Z" by Costa Gavras .It is a Franco-Algerian film which is released in 1969 and which has been shot in the city of Algiers because its architecture looks very much like Athens. The actors Hassan El Hassani and Sid Ahmed Agoumi participated in this work which lasts for 127 minutes. The subject of the film is the transition from democracy to a dictatorial authoritarian regime. It tells the story, in the 1960s, in a country in the Mediterranean basin, a progressive MP is murdered. The investigating judge highlights the role of the government, including the army (gendarmerie) and the police, in this assassination. So, the film is based on a real fact that is the assassination of Greek MP Grigoris Lambrakis in 1963 in Thessaloniki, Greece. Z means "he is alive"; opponents inscribed this letter on the walls to protest against the assassination of Lambrakis.

The film "Z" received the Jury Prize at the Cannes Film Festival in 1970, the film, also, received the Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film and the Golden Globe for Best Foreign Language Film in Hollywood and it is Algeria which was credited with this reward.

As every year, the Algerian Cinema is preparing to submit its candidature for the Oscars for the best foreign language film. A commission has been set up by the Ministry of Culture to choose the film that will represent Algeria at the Oscars in February 2017. The commission is composed of four members, chaired by Mohamed Lakhdar Hamina, the dean of the Algerian filmmakers, chairman Ahmed Bedjaoui , Yacine Laloui and Yazid Khodja( producers) in order to choose between two Algerian films: "The well" by Lotfi Bouchouchi and "On the Road to Istanbul" by Rachid Bouchareb. They have favored the film "The Well" of Lotfi Bouchouchi because of its success in festivals around the world. It has won 10 awards through festivals in Alexandria, Montreal, Oujda, Oman, Carthage and recently Oran. It evokes the Algerian revolution through the suffering of the inhabitants of a village while the film of Bouchareb ;"On the Road to Istanbul" does not mention Algeria and speaks instead the story of a Belgian mother, who saw her daughter go to Syria to do the Jihad. "On the road to Istanbul" was first shown out of competition at the Berlin Film Festival and was later screened at the African Film Festival in Paris. It won the Best Screenplay Award in Morocco.

The Algerian Cinema keeps in the running for the Oscars Nominations Written by ARAB Sabrina

The Algerian longest serving president is celebrating his 81birthday on March the 2nd. Abdelaziz Bouteflika is an Algerian politician who has been the fifth president of Algeria since 1999.He was the first child of his mother and the second child of his father. His father is Ahmed Bouteflika and his mother is Mansouria Ghezlaoui (from Tlemcen). He has three half-sisters; Fatima, Yamina and Aïcha, and four brothers; Abdelghani, Mustapha, Abderahim and Said, and one sister named Latifa. Abdelaziz memorized the Qur'an at young age. He continued his education in Oujda (Morocco) until the high school. At the age of 19, he joined the Army of National Liberation which was a military branch of the National Liberation Front (FLN).After independence, he was appointed as minister for youth, sports, and tourism. Later, he became the administrative secretary of the president Houari Boumediene. He has also served as president of the United Nations General Assembly in 1974. He was the foreign affairs minister for 16 years (from 1963 to 1979). In 1981, corruption charges drove Bouteflika into self-imposed exile.

In 1999, Abdelaziz Bouteflika won the landslide election victory. During this first term (1999-2004), he presided over the end of the bloody Algerian Civil War to which he put an end through his amnesty plan. He was so active in the international arena; he presided over the African Union in 2000, secured the Algiers Peace Treaty between Eritrea and Ethiopia, and supported peace efforts in the African Great Lakes region. Relations with the Kingdom of Morocco remained quite tense, with diplomatic clashes on the issue of the Western Sahara. He also secured a friendship treaty with nearby Spain in 2002, and welcomed president Chirac of France on a state visit to Algiers in 2003. This was intended as a prelude to the signature of a friendship treaty. In 2004 Bouteflika organized the Arab League Summit and became President of the Arab League for one year. Algeria under President Bouteflika has won praise from the West for backing the US-led "war on terror".

On 8 April 2004, he was re-elected for the second term by an unexpectedly high 85% of the vote. In this term (from 2004 till 2009), Bouteflika held a referendum on his plan "Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation" which aims at ending the Algerian civil war (black decade), from a political and judicial point of view. He has received large popular and political support on this issue. He granted wide-ranging amnesty to militant Islamist groups within Algeria in an effort to resolve a long-standing civil conflict.

His term was also characterized by five-year plan that aims for the construction of 1 million housing units, the creation of 2 million jobs, the completion of the East-West highway, the completion of the Algiers subway project, the delivery of the new Algiers airport, and other similar large scale infrastructure projects.

On the international scene, Bouteflika's second term has seen diplomatic tensions rise with France, which ended up with the signing of a friendship treaty with France (23 February 2004, re-endorsed in December 2005). Ties to Russia have been strengthened by large imports of Russian military hardware (about 7 billion USD were spent in one single purchase). Bouteflika has also carefully cultivated a relationship with China, with exchanges of state visits between the two countries. In 2008, Algeria repeatedly refused to answer Moroccan demands to open the common land border, which has been closed since 1994; therefore, relations with Morocco remain poor. Many of Bouteflika’s foreign affairs policies and decisions are characterized by a “principle of non-interference” in other countries affairs. In sub-Saharan Africa, a major concern of Bouteflika's Algeria has been on the Tuareg rebellions in northern Mali. Algeria has asserted itself forcefully as mediator in the conflict, perhaps underlining its growing regional influence ,thus , Compromise peace agreements were reached in 2007 and 2008, both mediated by Algiers.

In 2005, Bouteflika experienced health problems; nevertheless, he was elected to a third term in 2009. He made it possible through changing the Algerian constitution, which had previously limited the president to two terms.

Following the constitutional amendment allowing him to run for a third term, on 12 February 2009, Bouteflika announced his independent candidacy in the 2009 presidential election. On 10 April 2009 election, he was received more than 90 % of the vote, thereby obtaining a new five-year term. In spring and summer 2013, Boutflika stayed nearly four months in a hospital in Paris dealing with health problems.

Following another constitutional amendment, allowing him to run for a fourth term, Bouteflika announced his candidature in the election. On 18 April 2014, he was re-elected with 81% of the vote despite he was very seldom appeared in the electoral campaign. Thus, he was elected for the fourth term (from 2014 till present). In November 2016, he was hospitalized in a clinic at Grenoble in France for medical checks that’s why he was rarely seen in public afterward for more than two year. In June 2017, Bouteflika made a rare appearance on Algerian state television presiding over a cabinet meeting with his new government. He ordered the government to reduce imports and curb spending.

Written by ARAB Sabrina

Spring is undoubtedly the best and the beautiful of all the seasons; it is the period in which nature comes out the rigors of winter to open life on a new cycle, a cycle of rebirth of another floral carpet. The usual spring is on March 21st but the Berber‘s Spring starts on February 28th, which corresponds to the 15th of the month of Furar according to the Amazigh traditional agrarian calendar. It is known in Tamazight language as "Anekcum N Tefsut" (the beginning of spring). The Spring festival or celebration is a part of the Amazigh identity and heritage that they hold for centuries and that they hope to become an official holiday in Algeria.

Tefsut in the Kabyle regions gives rise to various festivities that can be celebrated eventually on any day of March throughout all the regions, such as walking in the mountains to pick up the spring plants, decoration of the houses, singing, preparing couscous with Aderyis (Thapsia), roll in the grass to take the colors, the scents and the smells of the earth and the vegetal carpet…

In spring in the forests of the mountains of Kabylia grows a plant called "Aderyis" (Thapsia Garganica) which is a typically Mediterranean poisonous plant that grows in North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya), Portugal, Spain, Italy and Greece. It holds different names such as Aderyis, deryass, bonafaa…It grows in clean and sunny places in steppes, lowlands and low mountains. It is a poisonous plant so one should be careful while picking it otherwise it inflates the hands. It is a perennial plant with height that varies between 90 cm and 140 cm. It is its root that is used in the preparation of the traditional dish of this festival. This root has therapeutic virtues as it has been proven like strengthening the immune system, fight allergies such as hay fever. It has many other virtues, especially that of curing all intestinal diseases. It is used in inhalation herbal medicine against colds. It has even anti-sterility virtues. In Morocco, the reputation of the effectiveness of the plant in the treatment of female infertility is so great that a Moroccan proverb says "li ma waldet bederyass, ghir taqtaa liyass", which means " the one who has failed to give birth through Thapsia, must lose hope of giving birth one day ".

The kabyle people celebrate the entrance of Spring with a common and the most consumed dish in Kabylia ‘Sseksu N Uderyis’ (couscous). It is customary among Amazighs to welcome spring with such dish. It is a dish that is part of the culinary heritage of Algeria. Sseksu N Uderyis has also a ritual character; it is above all an opportunity to get together as a family.

To prepare it, they immerse the roots of “aderyis” in water that will be boiled and they add seven plants (olive leaves…) to the boiled water. The magic of the number seven, refers to the universal symbolism shared by the Berbers since the time of the Pharaohs, where was instituted the "feast of seven days and seven nights". They also add eggs, potatoes and onion according to the family members. They steamed the couscous on it in order to get all its virtues. The couscous is slightly tinged with red pepper, coated with olive oil ,then embellished with small vegetables cooked with this steam and decorated with boiled eggs and sprinkled with icing sugar that the Kabyle people are accustomed to taste. This delicious plate is eaten without drink that is should be avoided for 12 hours after consumption, but an orange in case of thirst is allowed.

Written by ARAB Sabrina

Several Disney Land parks exist around the world, those of Paris (France) and Tokyo (Japan) are among the best known that attract tens of thousands of tourists each year. Now, it is the Algerian turn, a Disney Land amusement park will soon be built in Algeria.

Ben Aknoun Zoological Park which was opened in the early 1980s in Algiers, the capital, will be transformed into an Algerian Disney Land in a partnership with Disney Land. This giant project is entrusted to the Hotel Investment Company (SIH) which has already been responsible for the project of the realization of the International Conference Center (CIC) of Algiers and is also responsible for the management of the state residence of Club des Pins.

The SIH that is responsible for making this project in reality, has already started the construction of a reinforced concrete wall three meters high to fence the zoo. This mega project is about making the current zoo a kind of Algerian Disney Land with attractive games, modern and sophisticated facilities. It will be the largest tourist complex in the city of Algiers and a wonderful place where people can spend amazing times, especially for children who will absolutely enjoy the games. The successful experiences of coastal development at the Sablettes and Ardis and Bab Ezzouar shopping center encouraged the authorities to embark on this mega project.

Also, it is planned to build a tower of more than ten floors that will be the first Algerian mall worthy of the name. It will be a mall that will compete the famous malls of Europe and America. The studies are started and the project is launched as soon as possible.

Written by ARAB Sabrina

INTRODUCTION

The world is made up of seven continents; they are Africa, Asia, Europe, South America, North America, Australia, and Antarctica. The population is the number of human beings living per particular region. Asia is the largest and the most populated continent with an approximate of 4.5 billion people in Europe with the lowest population of approximately seven hundred and forty million people. The world has a total population of approximately 7.6 billion with Asia, American continents and Africa highly populated as per united nations record of 2017. This explains the reason as to why the top ten most populated countries are from Asia.

Top five most populated countries in the world

Firstly, China is the most populated country in the world with a total population of approximately 1.4 billion people. China is a unitary sovereign state in the east of Asia. China population has grown so fast because of its stable economy in the last ten years. China has been dominated the world economy partially and highly competing for united states. The government initiative to control China healthcare has also maintained the high population by maintaining high mortality rate. The government is guided by the principle that every citizen is entitled to healthcare and insurance.

India is the second most populated country in the world with a total population of approximately 1.3 billion people. India is population is estimated at 17% of total world population. India is a country in the South of Asia and also among the top largest countries in the world. The high population of India has been facilitated by high birth rates, just like China the mortality rate of India is relatively good. The high birth rate in India is caused by, early marriage. In Indian culture, marriage is a social compulsion where kids identify their spouses at an early age.

The United States is the third country with the highest population in the world. It is located on the North America Continent; it has a population of approximately 324,459,463 people. It has fifty states hence the name United States, the highest population of Americans lives in the Urban Centers. America population has growth has been precipitated by immigration, unlike any other country in the world united states experience a high rate of immigrant into the states. This is because of its longtime founded economy. The mostly immigrants coming from Africa and Asia, the migrate to the United States in search of employment. Founded on mixed races the United States has received immigrants from all corners of the world. United States stable economy and industrialization has created a providence to the world and therefore welcoming immigrants to work in those industries. The high mortality rate in the United States has seen its population maintained high. Its technological advancement in the field of medicine has seen the States securing their statesmen against diseases and hence the population.

The fourth country with the highest population in the world is Indonesia. Indonesia is a country in the South Eastern of Asia. It has a population of approximately 263,991,379 people. It appears position fifteen in the world's biggest countries, it consists of agricultural islands which are very productive maintaining enough source of food to the available population. This enhances the Indonesians high population with most absolved into agriculture and maritime. This provides the country with surplus food to maintain its high population and make it growing every day. Indonesian practice of polygamous marriage ensures high population as this advocate for the marriage of every woman in the community hence the rate of bearing children is high.

The fifth most populated country in the world is Brazil. Brazil is located in the Southern of America. According to united nations statistical population reports Brazil has a total population of approximately 209,288,278 people. Just like other American countries, Brazil attracted high immigration into the state. It attracted immigrants from Africa who were taken there as slaves by Europeans but later settled there. Brazil has a relatively good economy that feeds its population well.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, Population is generated by balanced mortality rate. This has to be caused by a stable economy in any state. It is evident that the stated countries have the stable economies in the world. Africa a developing continent produced no country despite been second, Nigeria in Africa has a very high growing population in the top ten populated countries in the world.

The third largest country in the world

Introduction

The third largest country in the world is the United States. The United States is categorized of 50 individual states that vary greatly in size thou share common borders and almost the same features.

The continent is made up of 50 countries. The third largest country in the world, United States is located in North America between Mexico and Canada. The state is a superpower country that controls almost the whole continents in the world as well as a number of small islands in the Caribbean and the Pacific. The United States is the third largest country in the world in the area following Russia and Canada. A research done on February 8, 2018, demonstrated that the country has a population of 325,857,845 which is equivalent to 4.3% of the total whole world population.

The State is almost one half the landmasses size of Russia and slightly larger than Brazil and China. Since every country share borders, the United State shares a border with Canada and Mexico as well as the Eastern United States borders the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea while the coastal part of United States borders the Pacific Ocean.

The United States capital city is known as Washington, DC. The capital city is located on the East Coast that is almost midway between Maine and Florida.

The article also indicates the top ten largest countries in the United States categorized by area

10 Largest States in the United States

1.Alaska – 1,723,337 km2 (665,384 mi2)

Alaska is the largest country in the USA. As well as being the largest state by land area and water area. Alaska is located in the Northwest of Canada; study indicates that it is the most populated country in the U.S state.

It is well known for tourist attraction due to its mountains and forest that host abundant wildlife. For those who may be loving to mountain biking or skiing activities, this is a good place for those activities.

2.Texas – 695,662 km2 (268,596 mi2)

The also referred to as Lone Star State is the second largest state, but it’s less than half the size of Alaska

3.California – 423,967 km2 (163,694 mi2) –

The Golden State is the third largest state in the United States; California is located in the western part of United State and stretches from Mexican border along Pacific. The California territory includes cliff-lined beaches, Redwood forest, the Sierra Nevada mountains as well as the Mojave Desert.

4. Montana – 380,831 km2 (147,039 mi2)

Montana was nicknamed as The Treasure State and emerges to be the fourth largest state. It’s located in western of United State ranging from the Rocky Mountains to the Great Plains. It hosts several National parks that include Glacier National Park.

5. New Mexico – 314,917 km2 (121,590 mi2)

New Mexico is the 5th largest state in the United States located in the southwest of U.S. Its territory covers the Chihuahuan Desert and the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. Its capital City is referred to as Santa Fe, which is a home to a vibrant arts scene as well as the Georgia O'Keeffe Museum.

6. Arizona – 295,234 km2 (113,990 mi2)

The Arizona also referred to as the Copper State, is the home to the Grand Canyon, is the 6th largest state. It’s located in Southwest of U.S. It’s well known for the Grand Canyon and hosts natural sites for the tourist attraction that includes Saguaro National park.

7. Nevada – 286,380 km2 (110,571 mi2)

The Silver State, home to Las Vegas, is the 7th largest state in the United States. It is located in the western part of U.S state. It is well known of its desert area. It hosts many museums such as the Mob Museum that attracts tourist from all over the world.

8. Colorado – 269,601 km2 (104,093 mi2)

The state of Colorado a country in the United state covers the most of the Southern Rocky Mountains and its capital is the city of Denver. It’s the 8th largest country in the United State.

9. Oregon – 254,799 km2 (98,378 mi2)

The Beaver State is almost less than 1/6 of Alaska and it's well located in the Coastal part of United State. It’s well-known of the landscape of forests, mountains as well as beaches.

10. Wyoming – 253,335 km2 (97,813 mi2)

The country is located in the western part of United States, well defined due to its huge plains as well as the Rocky Mountains. The country contains several National parks thus suitable for tourist attraction.

Jeddars refer to ancient monumental ruins with pyramid forms dating back to the 4th century before the Christian era. This archeological site is situated on the tops of two hills in the mountainous area, around 30 km South of Tiaret, city in Algeria.

According to the studies, the graves' size and commanding situation indicate that they were built for royalty. It is believed that it belonged to Berber kings and used as a burial tombs. The monuments were excavated in the 1970s by the archaeologist Fatima Kadra who made the first archaeological study of this monument .She wrote a book "The Djedars: Berber funerary monuments of the region of Frenda" which was published by Algiers University in 1983.

According to the archeological studies, the three Jeddars of Jabal Lakhdar are believed to be the oldest. According to the stonemasons' marks, the Jeddar A is the oldest and the largest with funerary chambers; very soon after, solid Jeddar B was constructed by many of the same workmen. The last Jeddar, C, is believed to have been incomplete when it was very hurriedly finished and its occupant interred, perhaps a generation later. It is also believed that the occupants of these tombs were not themselves Christian but ruled over Christian subjects.

The monuments were built by limestone and sandstone (stone blocks 1 to1.5 m. long). It contains funerary chambers, a pyramidal top up to 13 m high, constructed in many small steps. This building is believed to have been used for obtaining divinatory dreams by sleeping in the vicinity of the tomb. Most of the monuments were surrounded by a complex of low walls.

The Jeddars display an enormous range of stonecutters' marks, from isolated letters to partial names. It contains many Latin inscriptions on recycled tombstones and other building material, some have been postulated to be Tifinagh (Amazigh Alphabet) .There are a few unobtrusive Christian symbols, and a couple of roughly carved panels (apparently hunting scenes) similar to many ancient Berber rock carvings.

The Amazighs’ Pyramids of Jeddars Tombs were proposed for inclusion in the World Heritage List by the Algerian authorities. They submit it to UNESCO to classify it as part of the world's humanitarian heritage.

Written by ARAB Sabrina

THE LARGEST COUNTRIES BY POPULATION IN THE WORLD

INTRODUCTION

The largest countries by population in the world mean those countries which are depended on population. They include the sovereign states, inhabited dependent countries and in some instance the colonies of the sovereign states. The report does not count in the totals population rather it provides estimates. These sovereign states have been dependent on their own population making them keep growing. The population of is counted on the basis of people living in a particular area mostly per square kilometer.

Top five largest countries by population

Firstly, China is the largest country by population in the world with a total population of approximately 1.4 billion people. China is a unitary sovereign state in the east of Asia. China population has grown so fast because of its stable economy in the recent past. According to world bank records report, China population density is at 147 people lives in a square kilometer. This showed that most people were crowded in regions making the state become large. In real life setting the regions covered by most people will look large.

India is the secondmost populated country in the world with a total population of approximately 1.3 billion people. India covers a distance of 3.287 square kilometers in the ground. It has been the boast of its huge population. This translates to 382 people lives in one square kilometer. India is very small but its population is very high making it appear large.

The United States is the third largest country by population in the world. It is located on the North America Continent; it has a population of approximately 324,459,463 people. It has fifty states hence the name United states, the highest population of Americans lives in the Urban Centers. America population has growth has been precipitated by immigration, unlike any other country in the world united states experience a high rate of immigrant into the states. This is because of its longtime founded economy. The mostly immigrants coming from Africa and Asia, the migrate to the United States in search of employment. Founded on mixed races the United States has received immigrants from all corners of the world. United States stable economy and industrialization has created a providence to the world and therefore welcoming immigrants to work in those industries. The high mortality rate in the United States has seen its population maintained high. Its technological advancement in the field of medicine has seen the States securing their statesmen against diseases and hence the population. United States covering a space of 9.834 kilometers squared underground. This, therefore, is enlarged by its big population as it makes it seem bigger.

Thefourth largest country by population in the world is Indonesia. Indonesia is a country in the South Eastern of Asia. It has a population of approximately 263,991,379 people. It appears position fifteen in the world’s biggest countries covering a distance of 1.905 kilometers squared, it consists of agricultural islands which are very productive maintaining enough source of food to the available population. This enhances the Indonesians high population with most absolved into agriculture and maritime. This provides the country with surplus food to maintain its high population and make it growing every day. Indonesian practice of polygamous marriage ensures high population as this advocate for the marriage of every woman in the community hence the rate of bearing children is high. It has a very big portion covered by the sea where normally marine work is done. This leaves the ground part with a small coverage space for habitual settlement.

The fifth largest country in the world by population is Brazil. Brazil is located in the Southern of America. According to united nations statistical population reports Brazil has a total population of approximately 209,288,278 people. Just like other American countries, Brazil attracted high immigration into the state. It attracted immigrants from Africa who were taken there as slaves by Europeans but later settled there. Brazil has a relatively good economy that feeds its population well. It occupies half of South America bordering, Atlantic Ocean, it has a size of 8.5 kilometers squared.

CONCLUSION

The article discusses the most populated countries and their covered area in the ground relatively comparing it with their populations.

Introduction
The world is the planet Earth and all life upon it. It’s the whole of the physical Universe that’s how philosophers term it. In theological the world is the material or the profane sphere. It contains 7 known continents that include:
•Asia: This continent contains 50 countries, and it is the most populated continent in the world.

•Africa: Africa comprises 54 countries. It is the hottest continent and home of the world's largest desert, and the Sahara.

•North America: The continent contains 23 countries led by the USA as the largest economy in the world.

•South America: This continent comprises 12 countries. It holds the largest forest, the Amazon rainforest, which covers 30% of the South America total area.

•Europe: The continent comprises 51 countries. It is the most developed economically continent with the European Union as the biggest economic and political union in the world.

•Australia: It contains 14 countries. It is the least populated continent after Antarctica, only 0.3% of the total Earth population live here.

•Antarctica: This is the coldest continent in the world, completely covered with ice. There are no permanent inhabitants, except scientists maintaining research stations in Antarctica.

The biggest countries in the world

1 – Russia
Russia’s is the world largest country, it borders 14 different countries. Russia covers nearly twice the territory of Canada. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and the eastern third of Europe. Spanning 11 time zones and incorporating a great range of environments and landforms, from deserts to semiarid steppes to deep forests and Arctic tundra. It contains the longest river in Europe, and its largest lake.

2- Canada
It’s a country located in the Northern part of North America. Canada’s 9.984 million square kilometers which make it the largest country in the western hemisphere. It has a longer shoreline than any other nation.
It is positioned between the Arctic and United States, some parts of its country are massively frozen and the Rocky Mountains that run north to South.

3- United States of America
It a country located in North America, and the third biggest country in the world that occupies 9.63 million square km. It borders Mexico to the south and Canada to the North. It's a home to a diverse array of geographical and wildlife.

4- People’s Republic of China
It's the fourth largest country in the world, bordering China with approximately 9.6 million square kilometers as well as being the populous country in the world. It shares a border with 14 different countries including Afghanistan, Russia to the north and Vietnam to the south.

5- Brazil
Brazil is the largest country in both South America and Latin America and the fifth largest by area. At 8.51 million square kilometers, Brazil plays a home to much of the world’s largest rainforest. It also has a lengthy Atlantic coastline on the eastern side, which stretches approximately 8,000km.

6- Australia
Australia is the largest country Oceania, thus its population lives in coastal cities. Australia is known for its spectacular and wildlife thou it's one of the driest and hottest regions in the world. It borders Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north.

7- India
Is a country located in South Asia, and the seventh biggest country in the World. The research indicates India as the second largest nation in terms of population.
China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal each share a border with India.

8-Argentina
Argentina is the world’s eighth largest, and the largest Spanish speaking nation in the world by area. It holds 2.78 million square kilometers that include some of the most varied geography and climate in the world. Swampy, tropical conditions in the very north give way to freezing glacial regions.

9- Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan is the world's largest landlocked country. Kazakhstan’s 2.72 million square kilometers stretch. Kazakhstanis experience a great range of temperatures throughout the year, though it doesn’t get as cold as it does in parts of its northern neighbor, Russia.

10- Algeria
The Algerian Sahara, and the largest expanse of Saharan desert. Algeria is the tenth largest country in the world by area. It’s located in Northern Africa. The massive Algerian Sahara extends all the way to the south of the country past its borders with Niger and Mali.

Conclusion
The article contains the biggest and largest countries in the world by area, it has expounded on every country geographical features.

The Algerians of New Caledonia are people from Algeria who were deported to New Caledonia far from their homeland between 1864 and 1921. According to the archives, they were about 2165 deportees. The most famous are the deportees who led and participated in the insurrections of 1870 and 1871 in Algeria, which began in Souk Ahras and spread to Bordj Bou Arreridj and ended with the revolt of the Mokrani in the Kabyle region. This revolt led to the deportation of all instigators of the uprising. The first deported arrived in 1864 and the last in 1921.

Before their departure, all the deportees received a registration number and the most of them were between 21-30 years old. Three routes have been taken: by the Cape of Good Hope, Cape Horn and the Suez Canal with stops for refueling fresh produce and especially fresh water. The trips were aboard ships (clippers) equipped with steam engines, specially designed for the transport of prisoners. These trips lasted between 140 and 150 days. The prisoners (deportees) slept on retractable camp beds; they were sixty grouped in cages. For their food, they received 800 grams of bread; 2 times a day bean soup, Wednesday and Sunday meat, Friday fish or cheese. Some were starving.

Once they were arrived, two different types of punishment were applied to Algerians, the stay in fortified enclosure on the Ducos peninsula in Noumea and the simple deportation to the Isle of Pines (in the 5th commune called "Arab camp"), a measure affecting the Most of them. They lodge in barracks and have a common room for prayers. Contacts between French and Algerians were forbidden. They used to work in cobalt and tin mines, road construction, and also in agriculture and horticulture. The Algerian deportees are at the origin of the introduction of the date palm in New Caledonia, some had taken with them nuclei they sowed on their arrival.

Once released, the deportees are granted concessions of land of 4 to 5 hectares that they could cultivate. They gather in the fertile valleys of Boghen and Nessadiou also called "Arab Valley". The first Algerian to benefit from a concession was Isa Khamenza.

Miloud Ben Abdellah who released on June 9, 1877, was granted a concession in Nessadiou and was the first of all the concessionaires to have started the cultivation of coffee. Some escaped and the most famous escape is that of Aziz Ben Sheikh Al Haddad in 1881. He managed to escape from the Isle of Pines, to join small craft New Zealand, then Sydney in Australia, and finally the Hedjaz in Saudi Arabia.

There are few documents on the Algerians sent to New Caledonia, except for the military documents and the prison administration, and the testimonies of former Communards deported with them. While the communards were able to benefit from an amnesty in 1880, the Algerians of the Pacific remain exiled to thousands of kilometers of their ground in spite of the campaigns of sensitization of the French opinion in which the communards return to Paris participate. This amnesty came on February 1, 1895, but they remained under house arrest. They are only allowed to return to Algeria in 1904.

There are many of descendants of the deportees from Algeria who continue to live in New Caledonia. Nearly 10,000 families have found their roots. There are three associations of descendants of deportees: the Association of Arabs and Friends of the Arabs of New Caledonia created in 1969, the Association of Algerians and Maghreb Descendants of New Caledonia (ADAM.NC), the Association of Muslims of New Caledonia created in 1975 gathers descendants of Arabs. The most famous descendant of this Diaspora is Jean-Pierre Ayfa also named Tayeb, born October 31, 1938, was nicknamed "the caliph". He was a descendant of deportees from El Eulma. He was Mayor of Bourail from 1977 to 2001 and was re-elected in 2008; he has also been president of the Territorial Assembly of New Caledonia on several occasions. He was also president of the Association of Arabs and Friends of the Arabs of New Caledonia.

Akli Yahyaten , an Algerian Kabyle famous singer, sung “ El Menfi “(the exiled) in the memorial of those Algerian deportees. In early 1986, the Ministry of Religious Affairs of Algeria invited a dozen Algerian descendants in Algeria. In 2005, the Ministry of the Mujahideen (martyrs) organized another visit. Others will follow, the latest being in November 2011.

The New Caledonian Algerians. Written by ARAB Sabrina

Smallest country in the world

Introduction

It may be difficult to imagine or believe since the world contains many countries but there is always that country in the world that is too small such that its population is smaller than a typical high- school class. The article stipulates well the smallest country in the world based on its landmass.

Beside the big countries in the world there are many smaller countries and therefore many people may refer some of them to as microstates. The Vatican being the smallest country occupies a quarter of Italy having few buildings and parks. It is one of the most unusual countries with its own government, army, and diplomatic missions but amazing thing is that it has no permanent native population. Many other countries ranked in our top 10 list below have almost the common features.

Always keep in mind that our list below includes only the officially documented independent states and omits dependent territories.

As per the article title, Vatican City is the smallest country in the world, based on landmass it measures 0.2 square miles. For our readers, we have listed the top ten smallest countries in the world just to educate you.

Top ten smallest in the world

The list indicates the top ten smallest countries in the world, we will elaborate further on the smallest country in the world:

1. Vatican City - 0.44 km²

2. Monaco - 2 km²

3. Nauru - 21 km²

4. Tuvalu - 26 km²

5. San Marino - 61 km²

6. Liechtenstein - 160 km²

7. Marshall Islands - 181 km²

8. Saint Kitts and Nevis - 261 km²

9. Maldives - 300 km²

10. Malta - 316 km²

The top smallest country in the world

Vatican City - 0.44 km²

Vatican City also known as the Holy See is the smallest country in the world with only 0.44 square kilometers. The country is located in the Italian capital city of Rome and is the center of the Catholic Church. The country has a population of about 1,000 people in it.

The Vatican is the home of religious leaders hosting the biggest church in the world (St Peter's Basilica) that holds the most important artworks of the Renaissance such as The Pieta and Creation of Adam.

Due to its low population, its income is raised from the voluntary donations of over 1 billion members of the Romantic Catholic Church around the earth.

The government of Vatican has stipulated a design that enables the country to gets the rest of the economy from sales of postage stamps, tourist mementos and admission fees of museums.

Over the decades, since 1377 the country has been the home of the pope of the Catholic Church hence the country being a monarchical state being headed by the bishop of Rome.

Vatican country not only the smallest country in the world but also have the smallest railway lines of 1.27 km around the world. The biggest church in the world St Peter’s Basilica, Vatican museums and Sistine chapel emerge to be the main attraction of the Vatican City for the tourist.

This country was not small but since 1870 after the union of Italy, the majority of the Papal States became part of Italy. A long time ago the Papal States in the Italian Peninsula were governed by popes for more than century and the territories covered more than 44000 square kilometers in those days.

It was a Lateran treat, the agreement between the Kingdom of Italy and Holy See made the Vatican City as an independent country on 11th February 1929 thus emerging to be the smallest and less populated country in the world.

Another unique thing about this country is that the city is guarded by the smallest regular army referred to as the Swiss Guard that was initially made of Swiss Mercenaries in 1506.Now the army is the personal bodyguards of the pope. All the guards are catholic unmarried male Swiss citizens.

The Vatican city has from early days being using official languages which are Latin and Italian.

Conclusion

The article has well elaborated the smallest country in the world as well as its geographical, social, religious and political features the country. The article not only contains the information about the smallest country in the world but also list the top ten other small countries in the world.

The black decade is referred to as the years of blood, barbarism, savagery and terror. It is the darkest phase in the Algerian history .It is the conflict between the Algerian government and various Islamist groups in 90’s which lead Algeria to sink in murderous dementia; attacks, ambushes, kidnappings, car bombs, sabotage, bombs in public places and mass killings .All these actions caused the death of 150 000 civilians and the number of missing varies between 4,000 and 20,000 and tens of thousands of exiles. The first victims are mainly soldiers and police. The Islamist militants and extremists have also attacked members of the military and government as well as individuals expressing secular or non-Muslim views, including journalists, teachers, writers, artists, intellectuals, foreigners, and both Muslim and Christian clerics. Extremists also resorted to indiscriminate car bombings. Algeria reeled from savage atrocities in the second half of the 1990s, especially from mid-1997 to early 1998.

The conflict began on December 1991; conflict between the Islamist FIS and the military-backed FLN, when the government immediately canceled the parliamentary elections after the results of the first round, anticipating a victory of the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS), fearing to lose power and that it put in place an Islamic Republic. After the ban on the FIS and the arrest of thousands of its members (Abbassi Madani and Ali Benhadj...), various Islamist guerrilla groups emerged quickly and began an armed struggle against civilians, the ultimate aim of which was to terrorize them and punish them in case of support to the Algerian government. They have formed into several armed groups, the main ones being the Mountain-Based Islamic Armed Movement (MIA) and the City-Based Armed Islamic Group (GIA). The Islamists initially targeted the army and the police, but some groups attacked civilians quickly. GIA committed a series of mass village-level killings, peaking in 1997 around the parliamentary elections, which were won by a newly-created pro-military party, the National Democratic Rally (RND). Benjedid was forced to resign. Military and civilian officials established an executive High Council of State (HCS) with Muhammad Boudiaff, an exiled FLN hero of the war of independence, as President.

Boudiaff was assassinated in 1992, and fighting escalated between government forces and Islamist militants. Although the FlS had lost its legal status, it quickly mobilised its military wing and began a campaign of assassinations and bombings.

Defence Minister Liamine Zeroual, a former diplomat and career soldier, was named President in early 1994. The following year, he won election in Algeria's first successful multiparty Presidential elections since independence. Zeroual began to gain international support. International lenders rescheduled the country's foreign debt, a move that helped the beleaguered Algerian government. Another revised Constitution came into effect in 1996. Most notably, this Constitution banned political parties based exclusively on religion, language, race, gender, or region. In addition, the constitution created a new bicameral legislature, composed of the National People's Assembly and the Council of the Nation. The widespread victory of the National Democratic Rally (RND), a newly formed pro-government party, in parliamentary elections in 1997 prompted allegations of election.

In 1999, the election of a new president, Abdelaziz Bouteflika was followed by a new law amnesty for the fighters to return to normal life. Bouteflika presented a "Civil Concord" calling for national reconciliation, allowing Islamist fighters not guilty of murder or rape to escape prosecution if they surrendered. It was enthusiastically endorsed in a referendum. Bouteflika offered amnesty to Muslims militant, and thousands of them laid down their arms. The violence diminished, but did not disappear completely, and calm returned to Algeria. Islamist terrorism ended with the victory of the government, followed by the surrender of the Islamic Salvation Army and the defeat of the Armed Islamic Group (GIA) in 2002.

Algeria has suffered greatly from its civil war and its people were traumatized by this period and did not want to be told anything. Before, the black decade is a taboo and painful subject but today, all Algerian and even filmmakers are ready to face it on the big screen. Salem Brahimi aptly evokes the civil war in Algeria in his third feature film "Now They Can Come". He said "Barbarism cannot be explained," at the premiere of his film, Now They Can Come, at the Toronto Film Festival.

Written by ARAB Sabrina

What's the biggest country in the world?

Introduction

The earth outward is comprised of many countries, some small some, others are landlocked countries and other are very super populated. In this article, we elaborate the biggest country in the world that occupies huge areas and stretch across the continents or even can contain a large area of water surface. Every country has its own unique features that either attracts the tourist or its visitors.
This article will be very helpful in educating readers the top ten biggest countries in this world that are the real giants. Countries like:

Russia
Canada
USA
China
Brazil
Australia
India
Argentina
Kazakhstan
Algeria

Notably, our above list only indicates those countries that are only officially documented independent states and therefore excludes dependent territories like Greenland and Western Sahara.
We have provided the accurate data on the total area of each and every country in square kilometers as well as square miles. In additional, the article has well stipulated the neighboring countries that share borders with them.

The top ten biggest countries in the world

The following is a discussion of the largest countries by area in the world which includes some pretty big places from Russia at number 1 all the way down to Algeria at number 10.

1.Russia
Russia is the biggest country in the world far with the size of 17,098,242 square km (6,601,668 square mi).
The biggest country borders European and Asian countries as well as the Pacific and Arctic water oceans.
Thou its a landscape, it’s very famous for Moscow’s Bolshoi and St. Petersburg’s Mariinsky ballet companies that house part of the State Hermitage Museum's art collection.

2. Canada
Canada is a North American country and emerges to be the second largest in the world and largest in the Americas with 9,984,670 square km (3,855,100 sq ml). It stretches from the U.S in the south to the Arctic Circle in the north. Its major cities include Toronto, West coast film center Vancouver and a capital city known as City Ottawa. It's a tourist attraction that consists of swaths of Wilderness Lake filled Banff National park and also the host the famous group of massive waterfalls the Niagara Falls.

3. China
China is the third biggest country in the world and the largest in Asia: 9,706,961 sq km (3,747,879 sq mi). However, it's the populous nation in East Asia and its capital Beijing host historic sites such as Forbidden City palace complex and Tiananmen.

4. United States
The United States is the fourth largest in the world: 9,629,091 sq km (3,717,813 sq mi). It is only slightly smaller than China. The United States is made up of 50 states, a federal district, and five territories. However, it has great influence when it comes to world finance, trade, culture, military, politics, and technology.

5. Brazil
Brazil is the 5th biggest country in the world and the largest country in South America and in the Southern Hemisphere: 8,514,877 sq km (3,287,612 sq mi).
Besides being the 5th biggest Brazil is home to the Amazon River which is one of the longest rivers in the world.

6. Australia
Australia emerges to be the 6th largest in the world and the largest country in Oceania. A study shows that it is the largest country without land borders: 7,692,024 sq km (2,969,907 sq mi) and also one of the countries with the Longest Coastlines in the World.

7. India
India is the 7th largest in the world but less than half the size of Australia: 3,166,414 sq km (1,222,559 sq mi). It is also one of the most popular countries in the world.

8. Argentina
Argentina is the 8th biggest country in the world with a size of 2,780,400 sq km (1,073,500 sq mi).
It is a continent surrounded by the Indian and Pacific oceans.

9. Kazakhstan
This is the 9th place and just slightly smaller than Argentina: 2,724,900 sq km (1,052,100 sq mi). it is located in central of Asia.

10. Algeria
Algeria is the 10th largest in the world but the largest country in Africa: 2,381,741 sq km (919,595 sq mi). It’s located in Africa and is the biggest country in Africa.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the biggest of a country is measured by its landmass, the more the bigger the country the more residents it hosts.

The Great Mosque of Algiers (Djamaa el Djazair or El Djazair Mosque) is located in municipality of Mohammadia in Mitidja, 10 kilometers East of Algiers, Algeria. Thanks to its minaret ‘s size of 270m high and an area of 375,000 sqm, it will be the largest mosque in Africa and the third largest mosque in the world after Masjid el Haram in Mecca and Masjid el Nabawi in Medina. El Djazair Mosque is expected to host more than 120,000 Muslims.

The first pouring operations of concrete foundations began on August 16, 2012, after a kick-off ceremony. It was the Chinese Company "China State Construction Engineering "(CSCEC) which was responsible for the construction of the El Djazair Mosque. The architecture of the mosque is square geometry linking modernity with traditional; the design team consisted of more than 100 architects and engineers. It is financed by the Algerian state for an initial public budget of one billion Euros.

The Great Mosque is equipped with a prayer hall with an area of 20,000m .In the eastern part of the prayer hall , there is the Mihrab, made of white marble, which is used by the Imam to direct the five prayers of the day. In this part we find the Minbar, a high pulpit used by for preaching. The mosque has also several ablution rooms where the faithful are purified before praying; the ritual consists of washing hands, mouth, nose, face, forearms, head, ears and feet. The mosque’s minaret is divided into various functional areas that are served by two panoramic lifts to the tip of the tower. A spacious entrance area, with a large foyer, is planned in the foot zone of the minaret. A museum, a research center for art and Islamic history, four "sky-lobbies", a panoramic platform located on the floors of the minaret. A dynamic tour open to the public that is distinguished by its height and which houses in its different levels a reception area that can also receive exhibitions, a museum of art and history of Islam through 15 centuries, spread over 15 levels, a research center in the history of Algeria, an observation platform of the bay of Algiers and its surroundings as well as a first necessity trade and a restaurant. The mosque has a dome that covers the prayer hall. This dome was made in China and sent from Shanghai on May 6, 2016 to be placed after the month of Ramadan.

This mosque also has “Quran School” that allows Algerian or foreign students to deepen their knowledge of Islam and Islamic culture. This great Quran School, a place of higher education, can accommodate up to 300 graduate students in Islamic Sciences. It includes classrooms, a multimedia room and a conference room. Accommodation for students and professors is also planned giving an academic campus atmosphere in the South of Djamaa el Djazair.

The mosque has benefited from an ornament and decoration entrusted to a specialized international design office and made by Algerian craftsmen, basing on the identity of Algerian society in its Amazigh and Arab dimensions. The mosque has a cultural center with 1,500 seats which includes an exhibition hall, a library; a media library, a video library, a film library, two amphitheatres; a 500 seat amphitheater with a projection room, a cinema working with a capacity of 30 to 50 people, art workshops, a computer center, an administration area for the management of the cultural center and a cafeteria .The mosque has an Islamic institute, several gardens ,a car park of 6,000 vehicles, a hotel with 300 rooms, seminar rooms , shopping center , restaurants ,leisure park and many administrative buildings.

Moreover, El Djazair Mosque was built in accordance with modern seismic parameters to make this Islamic work resistant to a major earthquake. It is able to withstand a major earthquake of 7.3 degrees on the Richter scale using a combination insulators and viscous dampers, in addition to a series of reinforced concrete sails in both directions North, South and East, West.

There are several ways and means which lead to Djamaa el Djazair from the suburbs of Algiers. They can be reached by car or bus by an Algerian road network formed by the RN5, RN11 and RN24 national roads, or by the tramway of Algiers. This mosque is even equipped with a helicopter station that is devoted exclusively to professional missions and health transport of patients.

Written by ARAB Sabrina